Phaedrus as a Discourse on Rhetoric Essay Example for Free

Phaedrus as a Discourse on Rhetoric Essay Plato’s dialogue Phaedrus is primarily about rhetoric. It initially shows rhetoric through speeches about love, (230e-234d, 237a-241d)1 but in the second half, Socrates broadens the discussion, detailing the nature and proper practice of love and rhetoric, bringing the two topics together, and showing how each is necessary for the practice and mastery of the art. (243e-257b) The first major speech, by Phaedrus, parodies the style of Lysias, a popular rhetorician, deals with the relationship between youths and their older male admirers, lovers and non-lovers. In reply, Socrates accepts the basic topic, but develops and deepens several themes. Socrates follows this with a great recantation speech, filled with beautiful and powerful images. It is an allegorical myth, touching on the subject of true love and of the souls journeys, and reaching genuinely poetic heights. (237a-241d) Phaedrus is unlike other dialogues in that it is not a retelling of a days events. It is the direct exchange of Socrates and Phaedrus, with no other interlocutors. The reader sees this exchange first hand, as if witnessing the events themselves. Further, like natural conversation, the dialogue does not limit itself to a single subject. It glides from one topic to another. Phaedrus: The Dialogue versus the Limits of a Treatise: Phaedrus is a dialogue about rhetoric. It is a dialogue about love. It is also about the relationship between Socrates and Phaedrus, shifting conversationally from one subject to another, often moving through innuendoes and multiple entendres along the way. It is a human piece, as well as a study in different but interrelated topics. Using the dialogue form, Plato can intersperse themes in a ways unthinkable in a treatise. One key issues that he interjects is pederasty, love of a man for a youth. In a treatise on rhetoric, almost any such reference would be awkward; here, it becomes an added layer, highlighting much that is said. Lysias’ speech is expressly about pederastic relationships. (230e-234d) In his great speech, Socrates details the impact of pederastic relationship on the evolution of the soul. Discussion of pederastic love and ideals. (250a-258b) Throughout the dialogue, double entendres and sexual innuendo is abundant. Phaedrus flirts with Socrates as he encourages him to make his first speech. 235b, 236b-d) Phaedrus remarks that at noon-time that Socrates should not leave as the heat has not passed and it is straight-up, as they say. (242a) Socrates wishes to know what Phaedrus is holding under his cloak. (228d) And yet, role reversals between lover and beloved are constant. Socrates exhorts Phaedrus to lead the way at various times, (229b) and the dialogue ends with Socrates and Phaedrus leaving as friends, equals, not lover and beloved. (279b-c) They sit under a â€Å"chaste† tree (229a, 236e) often known as monks pepper, used to decrease sexual urges and believed to be an antaphrodisiac. Notably, Socrates sees the ideal relationship as asexual: the relationship is a form of divine madness, helping both lover and beloved to grow and reach the divine. (242a, 243a-b) Another, less notable topic that the dialogue keeps in play is the natural setting. After originally remarking that landscapes and trees have nothing to teach me, only people do, (230d) Socrates make several references drawing on the natural setting. (229b, 242a, 242b, 251b) He repeatedly invokes the presence and action of gods and nymphs. 230b, 241e, 278b) In a treatise, Plato could not make such references. This is clearly a work in which Plato knew how to use the dialogue form, and he used it thoroughly. To have presented this as a treatise would have been to give up much of the strength of this work. Phaedrus as an Ideal Conversation: Part of the effectiveness of Phaedrus lies in its sequence. It moves from Phaedrus’ reading of Lysias’ speech (228a-e) dealing with a foolish paradox of why it is better for a boy to give his favor to an older non-lover rather than to a lover, listing a range of reasons. 231-234c) Phaedrus is captivated with the beauty of this piece. Socrates fawns admiration, but when Phaedrus asks him not to joke, (234d-e) Socrates admits that he thought the speech poor: repetitious, uninterested in its subject, and pretentious. He can do better, (235a, 235c) and he does, not simply listing reasons, but developing an argument. All men desire beauty, but some are in love and some are not. Men are ruled by two principles: the inborn desire for pleasure, and an acquired judgment to pursue the best. 237d-238) Following different desires leads to different things, the most selfish being the uncontrolled enjoyment of personal beauty. One caught in this desire will want to turn his youthful beloved into whatever is most pleasing to himself, not what is best for the youth. (238c-240a) As wolves love lambs so lovers love their loves. (241d) At some point, right-minded reason will finally overcome the madness of love. (241a) By contrast, a non-lover, ruled by judgment, will focus more on what is good for the youth. (241e) The second half of the Dialogue is a critique of the first. Socrates assails rhetorical practice on various grounds, the key being the confusion of preliminary knowledge with creative power. No attainments will provide the speaker with genius; and the sort of attainments which can alone be of any value are the higher philosophy and the power of psychological analysis, which is given by dialectic, but not by the rules of the rhetoricians. (273d-e) Phaedrus and Proper Rhetoric Phaedrus claims that a good speechmaker does not need to know the truth of what he is speaking on, only how to persuade, (260a) persuasion being the purpose of oration. Socrates first objects that an orator who does not know bad from good will harvest a crop of really poor quality. (260d) Socrates says of speaking that even someone knowing the truth cannot convince people unless he knows the art of persuasion; (260d) but mastery of the art of speaking requires knowing the truth. (260e) Rhetoric, the art of persuasion, encompasses all speaking. (261e) To persuade an audience one must approach them by using similarities. To do this, one must know what things are similar and different. A person lacking this knowledge, cannot make proper comparisons. (262a-c) To master the art of rhetoric, one must recognize the division between objective subjects (iron, silver), and emotive subjects (love). (263b) Lysias failed to make this distinction, and accordingly, failed to even define what love itself is in the beginning; the rest of his speech appears random, and is poorly constructed. (263e-264b) Socrates then goes on to say, every speech must be put together like a living creature, all parts fitting together as a whole work. (264c) By contrast to Lysias’ failed effort, Socrates’ great speech starts with a thesis and proceeds to divine love, and setting it out as the greatest of goods. He shows how a true rhetorician must determine the nature of the hearer’s soul, just as medicine must determine the nature of the body. The skilled rhetorician must know the different types of souls and how they are moved. (271a-272b) The truly skilled speaker chooses a proper soul and sows within it discourse capable of helping itself as well as a the man who planted it, which produces a seed from which more discourse grows in the character of others. Such discourse makes the seed forever immortal and renders the man who has it happy as any human being can be. (276e-277a) To be a good rhetorician, then, one must know the truth of what he is speaking and how to analyze it to something indivisible. One must understand the nature of the soul and what sort of speech is proper to each soul. Only with all these points mastered will he be able to use speech artfully, to teach or to persuade. This is the point of the argument they have been making. 277c-278b) The Failure of Rhetoric in Athens and in Modern Life  Having set forth the requirements of true rhetoric, Socrates says, the truth is of no import in a law court, but rather the convincing; rhetoric, people claim, consists of cleaving towards the likely and should leave the truth aside. However, as it has already been determined that only people that know the truth can properly use the art of the likely, this popular opinion is decided to be clearly wrong. (273d) Similarly, he decries the growing dependence on writing. Socrates doubts the value of writing. It cannot teach, but can only remind those that already know what writing is about. (275d-e) Furthermore, writings are silent; they cannot speak, answer questions, or come to their own defense. (275e) By contrast, the best rhetoric is a dialectic process, a living, breathing discourse of one who knows, of which the written word can only be called an image. (277b-c) The one who knows uses the art of dialectic rather than writing. Plato offered these criticisms about the misuse of rhetoric more than 2,000 years ago. How much more forceful are they in the modern day and age?

Hops: Not Just A Beer Ingredient Essay -- Botany

Hops: Not Just A Beer Ingredient The hop, Humulus lupulus, is a cultivated flowering plant, green in color that has many economically important roles. The hop belongs to the hemp family, Cannabinaceae. There are many features that are distinctive about this plant. A hops plant has yellow lupulin glands between the petals, which is used for preservative and flavoring characteristics in beer. The bitterness of the hop is used to balance the sweetness of the malt, and the essential oils add a flavor and aroma which cannot be achieved by using any other plant. The hop plant is a perennial spiraling vine, which will grow in almost any climate given enough water and sunlight. It can climb either string or poles and can reach height of 40 feet. The flowers are usually dried before use. Farmers have developed a systemic approach to the cultivation of hops. There are also a number of chemical compounds present in this plant that give rise to its economic value. (1) The hop plant has several structurally distinctive properties. The root is stout and perennial. The stem that arise from it every year is of a twining nature, reaching a great length, flexible and very tough, angular and prickly, with a tenacious fiber. This fiber has been explored in the manufacturing of a white, durable cloth. The cloth is not of wide use because the fibers are so difficult to separate. Normally, the stems require to be steeped in water a whole winter before they can be utilized. Paper has also been made from the stem of the vine. The leaves are heart-shaped and lobed, on stalks, which are oppositely placed on the stem. The leaves have three to seven lobes and are dark green in color with finely toothed edges. (5) The flowers of this plant arise fro... ...ea also features an abundant supply of water for irrigation, making it ideal for growing hops. Pacific Northwest hops and hop byproducts are now exported around the world. On an annual basis, 60% of all hop production from this region goes overseas. The rest remains in the US for domesticate consumption. (5) REFERENCES 1. Compton's Encyclopedia Online (www.gptonline.com/comptons). 2. Delyser, D., Kasper, W. Hopped beer: the case for cultivation. Economic Botany 48: 166-170. 1994. 3. First Herb Source (www.1stherbsource.com). 4. Haas, G., et al. Antimicrobial activity of hop resins. J. Food Prot. 57:59-61. 1994. 5. Hop Growers of America (www.usahops.org). 6. Neve, R., et al. Hops. Experimental Agriculture 28:123-124. 1992. 7. Stevens, J., et al. Chemistry and biology of hop flavonoids. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 104:75-82. 1998.

A Community Foundation in Lakeland Florida and its projects

Lakeland Florida is one of the cities in Florida that is vested with so many special features that make it so different from the rest of the states. Lakeland has such a philanthropy, which makes it such a big part of the larger community; it has the kindest people who are rare individuals in the way they dedicate themselves to various programs and organizations making Lakeland so special. (Argandona, A. (1999)Needless to say therefore is the fact that being such a good city with the best features there are so many community foundations in Lakeland ranging from sports, recreation, non-governmental and even church organizations.One of the most developed and sound of these organizations is sports and recreation since Lakeland has the best sceneries and attractions that make so suited for this area. (Argandona, A. (1999) as the name suggests Lakeland Florida has so many lakes making fishing to be a recreational activity, fun and even a routine to both residents and non-residents.The Flor ida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (F. W. C) is one of the community foundations here in Lakeland. The F.W.C encourages and motivates families to enjoy and participate in the joys derived in fishing. Florida is well known and even titled as the capital for fishing in the whole wide world and the best location for such activities as compared to other states. (Lange, H. and Steinman, H. (2000).The organization as part of its activities will once in a while give special treatment to the people of Florida and beyond, this includes being allowed to do fishing in the fresh public waters without licensing, people are able to appreciate nature and families are able to come together and have fun. (Argandona, A. (1999)The organizations will also at times give bonus programs where people fish for free, this is a way of promotion and provides incentives in various forms that add to the convenience and cost cutting. These fishing license fees are used for the fish and other wildlife c onservation and maintenance purposes. They are also a major source of funds for various programs like habitat restoration, adding stocks of fish and even manage their accessibility.The organization has also not been left behind in sponsoring competitions and tournaments a good example is Florida Senior Games State Championship, where it enhances and promotes sports and ensures development of the same. (Lange, H. and Steinman, H. (2000) It is greatly supported by other organizations that also sponsor partly an example being the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida, Performance Health, and makers of Bio freeze.Since Florida has one of the best training sites, it is such an economic asset to the State of Florida it generates millions of dollars for our state and thus acts like an economic engine. Lakeland has a lot to offer from the climate, which is conducive all year round, best fans that are so supportive, it is able to attract tourists from all angles and corners of the world that hel p generate money for our rich economy.Since 1996, the Florida Sports Foundation help communities to attract sporting events all the year round this gives it good publicity and people identify new areas where they can tour on their holidays and get always. This organization has done Florida so proud and known all over due to its ability to keep up to date with current trends and development in technology thus providing the right services at the right time. (Lange, H. and Steinman, H. (2000)The Florida Fishing and Wildlife Conservation Commission also provides employment opportunities to the people of Lakeland Florida in various areas, it employs trainers, life savers, cleaners caretakers, managers at different levels of management and even recruits trainees to assist tourists. This earns the economy extra money in terms of labor inflow and also the fee charged to those on training. (Argandona, A. (1999)The organization also does a lot in encouraging the people to participate in the n ation and state building of our state joyfully without complaining since they pay to have fun and the money so collected helps in development activities which goes to construction of more infrastructure and also new projects are started to develop the same.Citizens are able to feel included and recognized; it also creates individual confidence and self-discipline in all activities. (Argandona, A. (1999)Other activities include promoting health that goes to raising the life expectancy. In conclusion, the F.W.C is an organization to reckon with bearing in mind that it has made our sports and recreation to be such a big success.References1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Argandona, A. (1999), Community Projects, London; Institute of Business Press.2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lange, H. and Steinman, H. (2000), Planning of Projects, London; Kluwer Press.

PG Japan - 1409 Words

Probable questions 1. Does SK-II have the potential to become a global brand within Procter Gamble’s worldwide operations? Why or why not? 2. Which of the three market options should Paulo Decesare recommendation to the GLT? What benefits do you expect to gain? What risks do you see? 3. How Should he implement your recommended option? What are the implications for PG’s new post-O2005 organization? What support and/ or resistance do you expect? How will you manage it? 4. Why was SK-II so successful in Japan? How is it creating value and what is the business model? 5. How transferable is this model and what are barriers? PG Japan: The SKII Globalization Project GLT – Global Leadership Team GBU†¦show more content†¦Extended the reach of stock options to virtually all employees Integrated business planning process where all budget elements of the operating plan could be reviewed and approved together Structure Primary profit responsibility shifted from PGs four regional organisation to seven GBUs that would now manage product development, manufacturing and marketing of their respective categories worldwide Charged with standardising manufacturing processes, simplifying brand portfolios and coordinating marketing activities Eliminate bureaucracy and increase accountability Committee responsibilities were transferred to individuals Activities such as accounting, human resources, payroll and much of IT were coordinated through a global business service unit Progression form Ethnocentric/Polycentric- Regiocentric – Geocentric SK-II – within PG this high-end product had little visibility outside Japan Because Japanese women had by far the highest use of beauty care products in the world, it was natural that the global beauty care category management started to regard Max Factor Japan as a potential source of innovation Working with RD labs in Cincinatti and the UK, several Japanese technologists participated on a global team that developed a new product involving a durable color base and renewable moisturising second coat – Lipfinity Japanese innovations were than transferred worldwide, as Lipfinity rolled out in Europe and the US within six months ofShow MoreRelatedPG Japan1395 Words   |  6 Pagesimplications for PG’s new post-O2005 organization? 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